Setiap mendengar berita tentang gempa
bumi, apakah kamu memerhatikan unit satuan/skala yang dijadikan ukuran kekuatan
sebuah gempa? Bagaimana unit itu menyatakan besarnya gempa?
Selain dengan menggunakan unit
satuan/skala Richter, kekuatan gempa juga dapat dinyatakan dengan skala
Mercalli. Skala ini ditemukan tahun 1902 oleh orang Italia yang bernama G.
Mercalli. Skala Mercalli dibagi menjadi 12 skala yang diperoleh berdasarkan
informasi dari orang-orang yang selamat dari gempa bumi. Oleh karena itu, skala
Mercalli sangat subjektif.
Skala Mercalli kemudian dimodifikasi
pada tahun 1931 oleh ahli gempa H. Wood dan F. Neumann dan disebut skala MMI
(Mercalli Modify Intensity). Hingga saat ini skala Mercalli masih digunakan,
terutama jika tidak ada seismograf.
Pembagian
kekuatan gempa berdasarkan Skala MMI adalah sebagai berikut:
1.Tidak
terasa.
2.Terasa
oleh orang yang berada di bangunan tinggi.
3.Getaran
dirasakan seperti ada kereta yang berat melintas.
4.Getaran
dirasakan seperti ada benda berat yang menabrak dinding rumah, benda yang
tergantung bergoyang.
5.Dapat
dirasakan di luar rumah, hiasan dinding bergerak, benda kecil di atas rak dapat
jatuh.
6.Terasa
oleh hamper semua orang, dinding rumah rusak.
7.Dinding
pagar yanag tidak kuat pecah, orang tidak dapat berjalan/berdiri.
8.Bangunan
yang tidak kuat akan mengalami kerusakan.
9.Bangunan
yang tidak kuat akan bergeser dari fondasinya.
10.Jembatan
dan tangga rusak, terjadi tanah longsor.
That afternoon the sun was shining with heat, seemed a
hungry rat is sheltering under a shady tree. Then came a cat over to him, “Hey
Rat, what are you doing there, it seems you’re tired, isn’t you?”. “Oh, it
turns out you’re a cat, yes from morning I was looking for food but have not
got it, was tired of my stomach too hungry” replied the Rat. “Wow, what a
coincidence I also haven’t eaten. But I know where Mr. Farmer put the food you
know, would you take it?” said Cat. “It’s so high, but I’m sure with a tiny
body, you can certainly pick it up for us to eat together” added the Cat. Mice
are very interested i offering the Cat. So they finally agreed to devide the
food equally. Soon, they arrived at a place that meant the Cat. It appears food
basket hanging on the hut Mr. Farmer. Mice began to rise, with some difficulty
he finally managed to reach the basket of food. Without much thought, mice ate
the food directly. While a hungry Cats are still waiting parts. “Hi Rat, where
my part? Hurry up you’re throwing for me, “cried the cat. “Well, I think this
is only enough for me alone Cing” Rat answered lightly. Hearing that, cats are
very angry. Suddenly, when they wanted to spend his last meal, “Brakk!” Rats
slipped and fell right in front of the Cat. The Cat is upset immediately tried
to catch the rat who’s greedy. And they romp around. Since then, cats have been
hostile to the mice because they feel cheated.
Language features of a recount Names of those involved – Tom, my sister, the next-door neighbour
Descriptive words – who, what, where, when, why – the puppets, in the sleeping
city, after a few minutes, to find their way
Past tense – occurred, overturned, struggled
Time and sequence words to show order f events – then, next, finally Examples of a recount Newspaper
reports, diary entries, interviews, conversation, letters
·Narrative
Purpose A narrative serves
to entertain or inform readers by telling them a story.
Structure A narrative
has a number of parts:
· Orientation – who, when, where
· Complication – event that causes a
complication; there may be more than one in a story. Descriptive words are used
to give information about characters and events.
· Evaluation – reaction by characters to
the complication
· Resolution – solution to the problem
Coda (optional) – lesson from the story
·Narrative Scaffold
Orientation
(who, when, where)……………………………………..
………………………………………………
Complication…………………………………………
Evaluation/reaction……………………………………
Complication…………………………………………
Evaluation/reaction………………………………
Complication/climax……………………………………
Evaluation/reaction……………………………………
Resolution……………………………………………
Language features of a
narrative Description of characters and places using:
- Adjectives to describe nouns
– heavy, frosty, transparent, grumpy
- Adverbs – to describe verbs –
quickly, secretly, quietly, energetically, suddenly
- Similes – to compare one
thing with another, using like or as … as – as bright as the moon, the kiss felt
like a butterfly’s wings against her cheek
Time words – Once upon a time, long ago, then, last week
Verbs indicating actions in the story – hid, ate, ran, whispered, looked Examples of an narrative Fiction
novels like adventure and fantasy, spoken and written stories
The
Definition and Purpose of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its
purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below: Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be
described. Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and
characteristics.
The Language Feature of Descriptive Text
Using attributive and identifying process.
Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
Using simple present tense
Bottom of FoSentence Patterns
What this
handout is about
This handout gives an overview of English sentence
patterns. It will help you identify subjects, verbs, and clause connectors so
you can analyze your writing style and improve it by using a variety of
sentence patterns.
Subjects,
Verbs, and Clauses
In its simplest form, an English sentence has two
parts: a subject and a verb that express a complete thought when they are
together.
The subject shows who or what is doing the action. It is always
some form of noun or pronoun.
The verb shows the action or the state of being. It can be an
action verb, like “run,” or a state verb, like “seem.”
Examples of simple two word sentences include:
Marvin slept.
Dogs bark.
Isotopes react.
Real sentences are rarely so short. We usually want
to convey much more information, so we modify the main subject and verb with
other words and phrases, as in the sentences below:
Unfortunately, Marvin slept fitfully.
Dogs bark louder after midnight.
Heavy isotopes react more slowly than light isotopes of the same
element.
Despite the extra information, each of these
sentences has one subject and one verb, so it’s still just one clause. What’s a
clause?
A clause is the combination of a subject and
a verb. When you have a subject and verb, you have a clause. Pretty easy, isn’t
it? We’re going to concentrate on clauses in this handout, with emphasis on
these two in particular:
Independent clause: a subject and verb that make a complete
thought. Independent clauses are called independent because they can stand
on their own and make sense.
Dependent clause: a subject and verb that don’t make a
complete thought. Dependent clauses always need to be attached to an
independent clause (they’re too weak to stand alone).
We’ll talk more about dependent clauses later on,
but also see our handout on fragments for a more detailed description of these types of clauses.
Something
tricky
Before we move on to the sentence types, you should
know a little trick of subjects and verbs: they can double up in the same
clause. These are called “compound” subjects or verbs because there are two or
more of them in the same clause.
Compound subject (two
subjects related to the same verb):
Javier and his colleagues collaborated on the research article.
Compound verb (two
verbs related to the same subject):
Javier conducted the experiment and documented the results.
Compound subject with compound
verb:
Javier, his colleagues, and their advisor drafted and revised the
article several times.
Notice that they don’t overlap. You can tell that it’s only one clause because all of the subjects in
one clause come before all of the verbs in the same clause.
Four
Basic Patterns
Every sentence pattern below describes a different
way to combine clauses. When you are drafting your own papers or when you’re
revising them for sentence variety, try to determine how many of these patterns
you use. If you favor one particular pattern, your writing might be kind of
boring if every sentence has exactly the same pattern. If you find this is
true, try to revise a few sentences using a different pattern.
NOTE: Because nouns can fill so
many positions in a sentence, it’s easier to analyze sentence patterns if you find
the verbs and find the connectors. The most common connectors are
listed below with the sentence patterns that use them.
In the descriptions below, S=Subject and V=Verb,
and options for arranging the clauses in each sentence pattern given in
parentheses. Connecting words and the associated punctuation are highlighted in
brown. Notice how the punctuation changes with each arrangement.
Pattern 1:
Simple Sentence
One independent clause (SV.)
Mr. Potato Head eats monkeys.
I refuse.
Try this: Look for sentences in
your own text that have only one clause. Mark them with a certain color so they
stand out.
Pattern
2: Compound Sentence
Two or more independent clauses. They can be
arranged in these ways: (SV, and SV.) or (SV; however, SV.)
Connectors with a comma, the FANBOYS: for, and,
nor, but, or, yet, so (See our handout on commas for more
info.)
Connectors with a semicolon and comma: however,
moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, therefore
Example compound sentences:
Mr. Potato Head eats them for breakfast every day, but I don’t see
the attraction.
Eating them makes him happy; however, he can’t persuade me.
Try this:
Scan your own text to find the compound connectors listed above.
Circle them.
Find the verb and the subject of the clauses on both sides of the
connectors.
Highlight your compound sentences with a color that’s different
from the one you used to mark your simple sentences.
Pattern
3: Complex Sentence
One independent clause PLUS one or more dependent
clauses. They can be arranged in these ways: (SV because SV.) or (Because SV,
SV.) or (S, because SV, V.)
Connectors are always at the beginning of the
dependent clause. They show how the dependent clause is related to the
independent clause. This list shows different types of relationships along with
the connectors that indicate those relationships:
Cause/Effect: because, since, so that
Comparison/Contrast:
although, even though, though, whereas, while
Place/Manner: where, wherever, how, however
Possibility/Conditions:
if, whether, unless
Relation: that, which, who, whom
Time: after, as, before, since, when, whenever,
while, until
Examples of complex sentences:
He recommends them highly because they taste like chicken when they
are hot.
Although chicken always appeals to me, I still feel skeptical about
monkey.
Mrs. Potato Head, because she loves us so much, has offered to make
her special monkey souffle for us.
She can cook it however she wants.
Although I am curious, I am still skeptical.
Try this:
Scan your own text to find the complex connectors listed above.
Circle them.
Find the verb and the subject of the clauses that goes with each
connector, remembering that the dependent clause might be in between the
subject and verb of the independent clause, as shown in the arrangement
options above.
Highlight your complex sentences with a color that’s different from
the one you used to mark your simple sentences.
Pattern
4: Compound-Complex Sentence
Two or more independent clauses PLUS one or more
dependent clauses. They can be arranged in these ways: (SV, and SV because SV.)
or (Because SV, SV, but SV.)
Connectors: Connectors listed under Patterns 2
& 3 are used here. Find the connectors, then find the verbs and subjects
that are part of each clause.
Mr. Potato Head said that he would share the secret recipe;
however, if he does, Mrs. Potato Head will feed him to the piranhas, so we
are both safer and happier if I don’t eat monkeys or steal recipes.
Try this: Use a fourth color to
highlight the compound-complex sentences in your text (the ones with at least
two independent and at least one dependent clauses).
Look at the balance of the four different colors.
Do you see one color standing out? Do you notice one missing entirely? If so,
examine your text carefully while you ask these questions:
Could you separate some of the more complex sentences?
Could you combine some of the shorter sentences?
Can you use different arrangement options for each of the sentence
patterns?
Can you use different connectors if you change the order of the
clauses?
